'Straight ahead action' means drawing out a scene frame by frame from beginning to end, while 'pose to pose' involves starting with drawing a few key frames, and then filling in the intervals later. Straight ahead action and pose to poseThese are two different approaches to the actual drawing process. The essence of this principle is keeping focus on what is relevant, and avoiding unnecessary detail. This can be done by various means, such as the placement of a character in the frame, the use of light and shadow, and the angle and position of the camera. J ohnston and Thomas defined it as 'the presentation of any idea so that it is completely and unmistakably clear', whether that idea is an action, a personality, an expression or a mood.

Its purpose is to direct the audience's attention, and make it clear what is of greatest importance in a scene what is happening, and what is about to happen. StagingThis principle is akin to staging as it is known in theatre and film. This is often referred to as a 'surprise gag'. The resulting sense of anticlimax will produce a feeling of surprise in the viewer, and can often add comedy to a scene. The technique can also be used for less physical actions, such as a character looking off-screen to anticipate someone's arrival, or attention focusing on an object that a character is about to pick up.ДЄnticipation: A baseball player making a pitch prepares for the action by moving his arm back.For special effect, anticipation can also be omitted in cases where it is expected. A dancer jumping off the floor has to bend his knees first a golfer making a swing has to swing the club back first. If the length of a ball is stretched vertically, its width (in three dimensions, also its depth) needs to contract correspondingly horizontally.ДЄnticipation Anticipation is used to prepare the audience for an action, and to make the action appear more realistic. In realistic animation, however, the most important aspect of this principle is the fact that an object's volume does not change when squashed or stretched. Taken to an extreme point, a figure stretched or squashed to an exaggerated degree can have a comical effect. It can be applied to simple objects, like a bouncing ball, or more complex constructions, like the musculature of a human face. The horse's body demonstrates squash and stretch in natural musculature.The most important principle is 'squash and stretch', the purpose of which is to give a sense of weight and flexibility to drawn objects. Winkler Productions, Charles Mintz Studios and Robert Winkler Productions), see also Screen Gems Studio (1940вЂ“1946)ДЄnimated sequence of a race horse galloping.

Winkler Pictures (1921вЂ“1940) (also known as M.J.

Will Vinton Studios (1979-2005) (became LAIKA).

United Productions of America (UPA) (1944вЂ“1964).

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio (1937вЂ“1957) and MGM Animation/Visual Arts/Sib Tower 12 Productions (1962вЂ“1970) (see also contemporary studio MGM Animation).

Leon Schlesinger Productions/Warner Bros.

Grantray-Lawrence Animation (1954вЂ“1967).

Fleischer Studios (1921вЂ“1942), Famous Studios (1942вЂ“1956) and Paramount Cartoon Studios (1956вЂ“1967) (see also The Harveytoons Show).

DePatie-Freleng Enterprises (1963вЂ“1981).

Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio (1924вЂ“1928).

DiC (1971-2008, now Cookie Jar Entertainment).

CINAR Films (1976-2004, now Cookie Jar Entertainment).

(Colossal) Pictures (1976-2000, absorbed into W!ILDBRAIN).

BarrГ© Studio (1914вЂ“1923) (after 1917 called Bud Fisher Films Corporation).Amblimation (the animation production arm of Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment).Alphanim (the French independent animation production and distribution company).

Toon boom studio 8 .gif frames